WEBVTT

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Five. Four. Three.

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Two. One.

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Welcome to NASA Science Live.

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I'm your host, Joy Ng.

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Today we are going to talk
to NASA experts about the sun.

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It's incredible influence
across our solar system.

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And a NASA mission that recently
launched to study sun induced

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electric currents that flow
high above Earth's poles.

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This is your chance to interact
with NASA experts

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and have your questions
answered in real time.

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So be sure to send in your

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questions using the hashtag
ask NASA in the comments.

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Wherever you're watching,

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NASA's Electro jet Zeeman
Imaging Explorer,

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or EZIE for short,

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is the first mission to measure
the magnetic fingerprints

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of the auroral electro
jets up close and in detail.

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The electro jets are central
to the electrical circuit

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that connects Earth's
magnetosphere to its atmosphere.

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The EZIE mission is part
of NASA's Heliophysics Division,

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which studies

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the sun as well

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as its influence on Earth
and the entire Solar System.

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The EZIE mission
launched just a few days ago

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on March 14th,
with liftoff at 11:43 p.m.

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Pacific Time from Vandenberg
Space Force Base in California.

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EZIE launched aboard
a SpaceX Falcon nine rocket

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as part of the transporter
13 rideshare mission via

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launch integrator
Maverick Space Systems

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at approximately 2 a.m.

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Pacific Time on March 15th.

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The EZIE satellites
were successfully deployed.

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You can see that happening here.

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The three EZIE satellites
were deployed into orbit

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one by one to flight information
around Earth's polar regions.

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And last week,
the spacecraft sent signals

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to the ground to verify
they are in good health

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and are operating normally

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during the 18 month mission.

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EZIE's trio of CubeSats will map
the auroral electro jets

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to uncover their structure
and evolution.

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Auroral electro jets are these
intense electric currents

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that are part of the aurora,

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which are sparked
by the sun's activity.

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They can be responsible
for large magnetic disturbances

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on the ground

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that can affect things like
powerlines and transformers.

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So I have two guys with me today
who can tell us

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more about the EZIE mission,
the activity on the sun.

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And so with us now is Doctor
Larry Kepko,

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who is the EZIE mission
scientist from NASA, and Doctor

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Nelli Mosavi-Hoyer, who is the E
mission program manager

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from the Johns Hopkins
Applied Physics Laboratory.

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Thank you
so much for joining me.

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My pleasure.

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Thanks for having us.

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So can you start by explaining
a little bit about your roles?

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Nelly, why don't you give us.

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Sure.

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Yeah.

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So, as you mentioned, I'm
the program manager

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for EZIE Mission.

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I have a very exciting job.

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My job is basically to make sure
that the mission is

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successful in every, like,
NASA mission.

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The scientists, they decide
where they want to go,

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which planet they want to visit,

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what kind of the data
they want to collect,

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and then the engineers,

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they help with
bringing that vision to reality.

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They make the spacecraft,
the instrument, the systems,

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how we get there,
what kind of data to collect.

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And my job is to make sure
that the engineers

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and the scientists,
they work together nicely,

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and they have all the,
resources that they need,

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the technical resources,
financial resources

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that they need to make sure
that the mission is successful.

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We understand as a team
what kind of risks

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exist, and make sure
that we can resolve and mitigate

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those risks.

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And also,

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my job is to make sure that
we are on cost and schedule.

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And at the end, the mission,

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not only we provide the

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scientific data that we promise
NASA, but also stay on cost and

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the schedule, and the mission
is successful at the end.

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And what about you, Larry,

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and what's called the mission
scientist?

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I am a NASA civil servant,
so I work for

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the federal government.

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My primary responsibility
in that role is at every stage

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of the mission,

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from when it's formulated
to design integration, testing

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all the way to launch
and to the end of the mission.

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As I'm
a steward of the taxpayers

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investment in the mission,

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as a civil servant,
that's my responsibility.

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I know this mission went to
a very rigorous competition.

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And once it was selected,
the mission committed

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to solving a specific science
question, in this case,

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solving the mystery
that there were electric jets.

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I serve as an independent
set of eyes and ears.

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Nellie works with the team

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to make sure
that on a daily basis,

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they're doing what
they're supposed

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to be doing to get
the spacecraft up and out.

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And I'm there to watch,
just to make sure that

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if something happens

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or changes are made,

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something goes wrong,
that we're still capturing

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the science
that we need to capture.

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Now, thankfully,

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EZIE didn't

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really have any issues
going through the whole

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development process,
so my job was fairly easy.

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But at the end of the day,
we just simply

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are there to watch
and make sure we maximize and,

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the science
return for the taxpayer.

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Thank you both.

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So let's get into today's
main topic, which is EZIE.

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I mentioned earlier

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that this mission is going
to study auroral electric jets.

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These are the electric currents
near Earth's polar regions

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that are present
when auroras glow in the sky.

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So can you tell me
why scientists are interested

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in studying this area?

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Larry?

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Yep. That's right.

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So I am a card
carrying auroral scientist.

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I have a PhD in space physics.

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I work here at Goddard Space
Flight Center

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in the Heliophysics Science
Division.

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Heliophysics is the study
of the sun and its interaction

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through all objects
in the solar system.

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Now, what you see, behind us
is a picture of the aurora,

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probably from
the International Space Station.

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And that's exactly
what EZIE is going to study.

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EZIE

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Will study the currents
that flow through these,

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auroras you can see here.

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Now, then these Aurora, we

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have electrical currents,
and these electrical currents

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flow just 70 miles above
our head.

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It's pretty amazing,
if you think about it.

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If you could drive there
straight up,

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it would take you about an hour,

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to get this very exciting,
dynamic region.

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You know, within these, Aurora,
the currents flow

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just like current
you have at home.

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You plug something
into the wall,

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a current flows in your wire.

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It's the same sort of process
that happens, in space,

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these currents flow
because of the interaction

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with the sun and the solar wind.

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So the wind is that

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stream of particles that come
from the sun on a daily basis,

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and how they interact
with the Earth's magnetic field.

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And that interaction
causes currents to flow,

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throughout the ionosphere,
that layer just above our heads.

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Now, these currents
push about a million

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amps of currents,
through the ionosphere.

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Just to put that in
perspective,

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if you’re not familiar
with how much current

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that is a typical household
appliance,

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like your refrigerator,

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your hair dryer and things like
that might be just a few amps.

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If you've ever had your circuit
breaker trip,

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you might have drawn
15 or 20 amps.

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And, you know, here,
just above our head again,

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just an hour
above our head by car,

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we have a million amps,
flowing in.

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And that's,
that's really quite neat.

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And have them also associated
with the Aurora

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is, super exciting as well,

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because the aurora
just so beautiful.

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And there are a lot of questions

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about these currents, 
their structure, how they form

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and they grow and dissipate over
time.

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Questions we don't have answers

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to, question
with great societal relevance.

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And it's these questions
that EZIE is going after

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that is very cool.

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So I am curious,
how will these three individual

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spacecraft operate together
to collect measurements?

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Yes. Well, I can help
answering that a little bit.

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So we have three,
a small CubeSat,

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and you are

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about the size of a suitcase,
so they are not that big.

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They are following a science
orbit.

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Each orbit,
it's about 90 minutes.

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So each spacecraft,

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has 16 orbits in 24 hours.

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And we have three spacecraft.

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So we have 48 times that we can
make measurements in a day.

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So we are providing already

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a lot of science data
to our scientists.

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And we are very excited.

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These are spacecraft
for two to ten minutes

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separate, you know, separated
from each other.

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And I actually have
a small model of the CubeSat.

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This is actually was built
by students in Cesar's,

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in Arizona.

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So I want to thank them
for making these CubeSat and

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these three CubeSats.

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They follow each other in orbit

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and they don't have
a proportion.

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It's very neat
the way that we make manage

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to, get them slower or faster.

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It's by changing the orientation
of their solar panels.

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So this way it makes it
go, slower.

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This makes it faster.

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So it's a lot of engineering
to make decisions

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how to fly this 3D spacecraft,
to make sure that the separation

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between of them is 2 to
10 minutes away from each other,

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then each spacecraft
has a very smart instrument

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that the instrument, it's called
microwave electro jet

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magnet down the gram that it's,
again, the instrument that,

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we had collaborated with
our friends at JPL to build.

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And these instruments
are constantly,

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they have four channels
that are looking at the,

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vibration of oxygen molecule

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the ignition of oxygen.

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molecule at 118GHz.

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This is a very well known
phenomena

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that oxygen,
you know, emits at 118GHz.

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So if you have, for example,
a very good instrument

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like a spectroscope,

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you can see that emission
line of the oxygen, then

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in presence of magnetic field,
that oxygen

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to 118GHz can split.

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And that's
really the amount of this split.

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It depends on how much they are
introduced to magnetic field.

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So we have all the information
about the magnetic field

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and based on that.

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But we have the

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we can go back here
because magnetic field and

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current
are related to each other.

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And we do a backward
calculation.

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And we found that

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all those high intense points

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that Larry
just talked about it,

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and we will map and image them
for the first time.

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So this is a very new technique.

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This is for the first time that
we are using this technique.

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With three cubesats.

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And you know, as I mentioned,
we have a lot of data

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because each spacecraft
has four channels.

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So our scientists
are going to be super busy

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for the next 18 months
to analyze all those data

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and give us the map of the over
electrojets

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Larry, anything that you wanted,
that was a very thorough,

252
00:11:01.160 --> 00:11:02.595
thorough answer.
So now I think that's good.

253
00:11:04.730 --> 00:11:07.266
So we have,
you know, charged particles

254
00:11:07.266 --> 00:11:10.302
coming from the sun all the time
that can also create

255
00:11:10.302 --> 00:11:13.606
space weather events,
if they're directed towards us.

256
00:11:13.939 --> 00:11:15.675
So how will the EZIE mission

257
00:11:15.675 --> 00:11:18.678
help in the prediction of space
weather?

258
00:11:19.311 --> 00:11:20.079
Yeah, EZIE.

259
00:11:20.079 --> 00:11:23.082
Really helped quite a bit
in terms of space weather.

260
00:11:23.249 --> 00:11:25.084
As you mentioned,
we are constantly bombarded

261
00:11:25.084 --> 00:11:25.851
by activity

262
00:11:25.851 --> 00:11:28.921
from the sun to the photons
to the solar wind to particles,

263
00:11:29.288 --> 00:11:32.091
and they're constantly
driving types of space weather.

264
00:11:32.091 --> 00:11:33.059
They're various types of space

265
00:11:33.059 --> 00:11:34.694
weather that we have to deal
with.

266
00:11:34.694 --> 00:11:36.295
One, of course,
you might be familiar with

267
00:11:36.295 --> 00:11:38.197
is the radiation belts, the Van
Allen belts.

268
00:11:38.197 --> 00:11:40.800
And that's around Earth
all the time.

269
00:11:40.800 --> 00:11:43.769
The space station is sort of
in that regime

270
00:11:43.769 --> 00:11:46.172
where they have to take care
of that and be aware of it.

271
00:11:46.172 --> 00:11:47.907
If we're going to the moon
and Mars, with our

272
00:11:47.907 --> 00:11:49.375
with or with people

273
00:11:49.375 --> 00:11:49.942
tend to be we're

274
00:11:49.942 --> 00:11:50.710
very well aware

275
00:11:50.710 --> 00:11:51.711
of the kind of space
weather effects

276
00:11:51.711 --> 00:11:53.946
you get when you leave
our protective bubble.

277
00:11:53.946 --> 00:11:57.316
And now here in our protective
bubble of, Earth,

278
00:11:57.516 --> 00:12:00.186
we are mostly safe.
Except for one thing.

279
00:12:00.186 --> 00:12:03.889
These currents are flowing high
above our head.

280
00:12:03.889 --> 00:12:06.792
Can cause, you know,
perturbations on the ground.

281
00:12:06.792 --> 00:12:09.662
And really tough perturbations
are tough to deal with.

282
00:12:09.662 --> 00:12:10.796
So what on Earth,
we have 1 million

283
00:12:10.796 --> 00:12:12.264
amps going above our head
just a mile.

284
00:12:12.264 --> 00:12:14.200
60 miles above our head.

285
00:12:14.200 --> 00:12:16.635
And any current that flows
produces a magnetic field.

286
00:12:16.635 --> 00:12:17.069
We know that.

287
00:12:17.069 --> 00:12:19.271
We measure the magnetic field
on the ground all the time.

288
00:12:19.271 --> 00:12:22.007
EZIE is measuring the magnetic
field, but remotely.

289
00:12:22.007 --> 00:12:25.144
Now, when a magnet school
is constant, no problem.

290
00:12:25.144 --> 00:12:27.313
We can handle a constant
magnetic field.

291
00:12:27.313 --> 00:12:29.915
But when that magnetic
field changes very rapidly,

292
00:12:29.915 --> 00:12:31.383
you induce a current
somewhere else.

293
00:12:31.383 --> 00:12:32.885
So you might be familiar
at home.

294
00:12:32.885 --> 00:12:33.719
You everyone

295
00:12:33.719 --> 00:12:36.255
you know, you have a phone now
you can charge remotely.

296
00:12:36.255 --> 00:12:37.490
You put on a little magnetic
charge

297
00:12:37.490 --> 00:12:39.792
remotely or a toothbrush,
something like that.

298
00:12:39.792 --> 00:12:43.129
That's the same process
that happens in space.

299
00:12:43.129 --> 00:12:45.664
You charge that remotely
by changing a magnetic field.

300
00:12:45.664 --> 00:12:47.833
You drive a current
and the other system,

301
00:12:47.833 --> 00:12:50.002
and that current
then charges your phone

302
00:12:50.002 --> 00:12:52.071
or charges
your your battery and so on.

303
00:12:52.071 --> 00:12:54.240
Same thing happens here
that we have a million

304
00:12:54.240 --> 00:12:55.574
amps of current
that might be changing right

305
00:12:55.574 --> 00:12:56.675
above our heads,

306
00:12:56.675 --> 00:12:59.345
that drives current on things
in the ground, like power lines,

307
00:12:59.345 --> 00:13:02.047
power grid
sensitive electronics,

308
00:13:02.047 --> 00:13:03.349
and especially
during strong events

309
00:13:03.349 --> 00:13:04.884
when things move southward.

310
00:13:04.884 --> 00:13:07.253
We're not used to it.
That can cause issues.

311
00:13:07.253 --> 00:13:09.755
In fact, is a very famous event
from 1859,

312
00:13:09.755 --> 00:13:12.291
the Carrington event, the
largest, storm we've ever seen.

313
00:13:13.359 --> 00:13:16.028
And in that storm,
at least anecdotally, back

314
00:13:16.028 --> 00:13:17.363
when we had telegraph operators

315
00:13:17.363 --> 00:13:19.732
who had miles
and miles of long wires

316
00:13:19.732 --> 00:13:21.634
and all that activity moved
south,

317
00:13:21.634 --> 00:13:24.637
the high activity above the
in the world zone

318
00:13:24.837 --> 00:13:28.040
created currents that flow along
those, those telegraph wires

319
00:13:28.040 --> 00:13:30.409
and actually
causing the burning spark.

320
00:13:30.409 --> 00:13:32.444
Now you can imagine doing that
in today's society.

321
00:13:32.444 --> 00:13:33.445
You don't want that to happen.

322
00:13:33.445 --> 00:13:35.281
You could burn out power grids
and things like that.

323
00:13:35.281 --> 00:13:36.816
So understanding

324
00:13:36.816 --> 00:13:39.819
how that happens is actually one
of the primary goals of EZIE.

325
00:13:40.653 --> 00:13:44.290
Well, it sounds like
EZIE will be incredibly useful.

326
00:13:44.924 --> 00:13:48.494
So last year
there were these big Aurora

327
00:13:48.494 --> 00:13:52.131
events that appeared farther
south than what is typical.

328
00:13:52.598 --> 00:13:54.834
Can you explain
you know why that occurred.

329
00:13:56.635 --> 00:13:56.902
Yeah.

330
00:13:56.902 --> 00:14:01.173
So as Larry mentioned, the sun i
very active and constantly a

331
00:14:01.540 --> 00:14:04.710
the sending to space,
these high energy particles,

332
00:14:05.244 --> 00:14:08.347
these high energy particles,
they can travel up

333
00:14:08.347 --> 00:14:11.584
to 1,000,000 mile per hour.

334
00:14:11.617 --> 00:14:13.652
So very very fast.

335
00:14:13.652 --> 00:14:17.056
And we were very lucky on Earth
that we have the earth shield

336
00:14:17.056 --> 00:14:20.059
that it shows in this picture
that is protecting us

337
00:14:20.125 --> 00:14:22.228
and also the atmosphere.

338
00:14:22.228 --> 00:14:25.764
But on the North Pole,
on the South Pole, where the,

339
00:14:25.764 --> 00:14:29.301
field lines curve inward, it's
where the field it's

340
00:14:29.301 --> 00:14:30.669
a little bit less.

341
00:14:30.669 --> 00:14:33.939
And these high energy particles,
they can sneak in,

342
00:14:34.173 --> 00:14:36.175
from the North Pole
and South Pole.

343
00:14:36.175 --> 00:14:39.578
And when they hit the oxygen
and nitrogen, they give this

344
00:14:39.578 --> 00:14:42.648
beautiful, colorful green color
and pink color,

345
00:14:43.816 --> 00:14:49.021
and, you know, every also,
sun has a cycle cooler cycle.

346
00:14:49.021 --> 00:14:52.424
And last year and even right
now, we are on the,

347
00:14:52.625 --> 00:14:55.628
the high peak of the solar
cycle.

348
00:14:55.661 --> 00:14:59.131
So sun is always active,
but it's even more active.

349
00:14:59.131 --> 00:15:02.902
And we're actually very happy
about that because we are over

350
00:15:02.968 --> 00:15:04.670
the right time and,

351
00:15:04.670 --> 00:15:06.605
right
spot to make these measurements

352
00:15:06.605 --> 00:15:09.742
as the sun is very active
and when the sun is very active,

353
00:15:09.742 --> 00:15:12.611
these high energy
particles can sneak

354
00:15:12.611 --> 00:15:14.413
even further toward the south.

355
00:15:14.413 --> 00:15:19.451
And last year we saw aurora even
at south of Arizona and Texas.

356
00:15:19.451 --> 00:15:22.621
So that's a very exciting time
for the scientists

357
00:15:22.955 --> 00:15:23.923
that they are seeing.

358
00:15:23.923 --> 00:15:25.758
The sun is this active.

359
00:15:25.758 --> 00:15:28.961
And EZIE
has launched on the right time.

360
00:15:30.663 --> 00:15:31.530
That's fascinating.

361
00:15:31.530 --> 00:15:32.031
And it was also

362
00:15:32.031 --> 00:15:35.434
an exciting time for anyone
that witnessed them as well.

363
00:15:35.935 --> 00:15:38.971
So is there any way for people
who spot over us

364
00:15:38.971 --> 00:15:41.974
to let NASA no.

365
00:15:42.641 --> 00:15:42.875
Yeah.

366
00:15:42.875 --> 00:15:45.878
So you can go to science on NASA
to go live citizen science.

367
00:15:45.878 --> 00:15:47.913
Some text may pop up
on the screen here in a minute.

368
00:15:47.913 --> 00:15:49.014
Within there.

369
00:15:49.014 --> 00:15:51.150
There you go. Within there's
something called the aurora.

370
00:15:51.150 --> 00:15:51.917
So and so Aurora.

371
00:15:51.917 --> 00:15:53.552
So this is a little button
that you scroll around.

372
00:15:53.552 --> 00:15:56.055
You can report your own
aurora sightings.

373
00:15:56.055 --> 00:15:57.756
And they will
then go out to the network,

374
00:15:57.756 --> 00:15:58.691
citizen scientist,

375
00:15:58.691 --> 00:16:02.027
Aurora, it's really important
to have citizen scientists,

376
00:16:02.027 --> 00:16:04.096
you know, NASA,
we're pretty large agency,

377
00:16:04.096 --> 00:16:06.365
but we can't be everywhere
all at once,

378
00:16:06.365 --> 00:16:07.967
and particularly
during large events

379
00:16:07.967 --> 00:16:09.435
like we just had,

380
00:16:09.435 --> 00:16:11.570
those aurora,
that activity moves south

381
00:16:11.570 --> 00:16:13.739
like we have designed
our instruments,

382
00:16:13.739 --> 00:16:16.375
to measure the aurora
where they occur normally,

383
00:16:16.375 --> 00:16:18.143
which, funnily enough, is
not at the North or South Pole.

384
00:16:18.143 --> 00:16:19.511
It's actually
the worst place to be.

385
00:16:19.511 --> 00:16:21.680
You will not see. Ever
see the Aurora North Pole?

386
00:16:21.680 --> 00:16:23.816
Would you see the Aurora
in a band called the Aurora?

387
00:16:23.816 --> 00:16:24.883
All the one that goes through

388
00:16:24.883 --> 00:16:27.987
middle of Canada to Finland,
Scandinavia, Iceland and so on.

389
00:16:28.520 --> 00:16:30.622
And yet during extreme
activity it pushes south,

390
00:16:31.623 --> 00:16:34.360
to, you know, Florida, Arizona
and so on.

391
00:16:34.360 --> 00:16:36.261
You see it
here, that sort of green line

392
00:16:36.261 --> 00:16:38.063
there, that circle
and the Aurora oval,

393
00:16:38.063 --> 00:16:38.931
that's where you see aurora.

394
00:16:38.931 --> 00:16:41.934
You can imagine that just moving
southward to lower latitudes.

395
00:16:42.334 --> 00:16:44.870
Now, when you move southward
to lower latitudes,

396
00:16:44.870 --> 00:16:47.239
all of our instrumentation,
at least on the ground,

397
00:16:47.239 --> 00:16:47.940
can't see it.

398
00:16:47.940 --> 00:16:49.842
We can't actually measure
that anymore.

399
00:16:49.842 --> 00:16:52.845
And so we rely on citizen
science, to help us out.

400
00:16:53.278 --> 00:16:55.414
Now, I just talking just, 
a few weeks ago

401
00:16:55.414 --> 00:16:57.182
to a citizen scientists
in Canada

402
00:16:57.182 --> 00:16:59.118
who designed his own
instrumentation

403
00:16:59.118 --> 00:17:01.020
on this beautiful,
amazing instrumentation

404
00:17:01.020 --> 00:17:04.123
that that captures the aurora
and he had gone out last year

405
00:17:04.123 --> 00:17:07.059
for this giant storm
and put his arrays out,

406
00:17:07.059 --> 00:17:08.594
and he found all
the aurora went south of him.

407
00:17:08.594 --> 00:17:08.927
He didn't see

408
00:17:08.927 --> 00:17:10.429
anything, had to look far south,
and just all the

409
00:17:10.429 --> 00:17:13.032
tops of the aurora
that was over the United States.

410
00:17:13.032 --> 00:17:15.501
Now everybody has a cell phone
camera now,

411
00:17:15.501 --> 00:17:17.336
and these cameras
are really quite remarkable.

412
00:17:17.336 --> 00:17:20.105
And then capture the beautiful
imagery, the aurora.

413
00:17:20.105 --> 00:17:21.407
And so people can capture that.

414
00:17:21.407 --> 00:17:23.275
You can go online,
you can submit your photos,

415
00:17:23.275 --> 00:17:24.443
and they then become part

416
00:17:24.443 --> 00:17:27.246
of the science archive that we
used, to analyze our science.

417
00:17:29.848 --> 00:17:30.582
Thank you.

418
00:17:30.582 --> 00:17:32.151
So that is another way

419
00:17:32.151 --> 00:17:35.454
you can participate
with this mission, specifically

420
00:17:35.454 --> 00:17:36.855
that we'll talk about
in a few minutes.

421
00:17:36.855 --> 00:17:38.490
So stay tuned.

422
00:17:38.490 --> 00:17:39.925
But for now, we'll

423
00:17:39.925 --> 00:17:42.027
we have a lot of questions
coming in online.

424
00:17:42.027 --> 00:17:43.562
And remember,
you can submit yours

425
00:17:43.562 --> 00:17:44.663
by commenting on the stream

426
00:17:44.663 --> 00:17:48.233
wherever you're watching or
by using the hashtag ask NASA.

427
00:17:48.801 --> 00:17:51.570
So let's jump in.

428
00:17:51.570 --> 00:17:54.706
Our first question is from
Sam Bird on X,

429
00:17:54.907 --> 00:17:57.709
and they ask, how much energy do
the auroras

430
00:17:57.709 --> 00:18:00.712
produce?

431
00:18:01.513 --> 00:18:04.550
Larry, I think this question is
it's a good question.

432
00:18:04.550 --> 00:18:07.519
I have to get out my calculator
and do the math.

433
00:18:07.586 --> 00:18:09.688
I wasn't quite ready to do that.

434
00:18:09.688 --> 00:18:12.658
You know, I, yeah, I don't
have a good answer for that.

435
00:18:12.658 --> 00:18:14.093
I guess maybe
we could follow up on that.

436
00:18:14.093 --> 00:18:16.161
Or I could do something
a little break.

437
00:18:16.161 --> 00:18:17.529
Okay. Sounds good.

438
00:18:17.529 --> 00:18:20.699
So our next question is a viewer
on YouTube, and they ask,

439
00:18:20.899 --> 00:18:23.001
how exactly
does the mission work?

440
00:18:24.903 --> 00:18:26.305
How does the mission work?

441
00:18:26.305 --> 00:18:30.209
So, the mission, as,
we talked about, it's really

442
00:18:30.209 --> 00:18:34.113
to understand and map the aurora
electrojets for the first time.

443
00:18:34.580 --> 00:18:36.215
And how we are doing that.

444
00:18:36.215 --> 00:18:38.884
We are sensing
the oxygen molecule.

445
00:18:38.884 --> 00:18:40.319
We talked about that.

446
00:18:40.319 --> 00:18:45.557
The oxygen molecule emits the, 
emission line at 118GHz.

447
00:18:45.557 --> 00:18:47.659
And in the presence of magnetic
field,

448
00:18:47.659 --> 00:18:50.028
those emission lines
get this split.

449
00:18:50.028 --> 00:18:51.763
And we look at those splits.

450
00:18:51.763 --> 00:18:55.067
And based on that, we understand
how much magnetic field,

451
00:18:55.367 --> 00:18:56.468
we have,

452
00:18:56.468 --> 00:18:59.238
what's the direction of it,
what's the intensity of it.

453
00:18:59.238 --> 00:19:02.241
And then we will work backward
and map the current.

454
00:19:02.641 --> 00:19:07.112
So, that's from the science
perspective and from the,

455
00:19:07.112 --> 00:19:10.249
engineering perspective,
it's really those three CubeSats

456
00:19:10.249 --> 00:19:11.950
that are on the picture
behind you.

457
00:19:11.950 --> 00:19:13.285
They do the magic.

458
00:19:13.285 --> 00:19:16.788
They have these various smart
instruments that they constantly

459
00:19:16.788 --> 00:19:20.559
make measurements,
each of them 16 times per day.

460
00:19:20.559 --> 00:19:24.229
So, I hope
that answered the questions.

461
00:19:24.229 --> 00:19:26.431
Or if
Larry wants to add anything,

462
00:19:28.033 --> 00:19:30.769
I know, but I did get
my calculator and figure it out.

463
00:19:30.769 --> 00:19:32.437
The number of how often

464
00:19:32.437 --> 00:19:34.740
it's, it's about 100 billion
was you remember,

465
00:19:34.740 --> 00:19:37.309
we have a million amps
of current flowing overhead.

466
00:19:37.309 --> 00:19:38.744
Typical appliances.

467
00:19:38.744 --> 00:19:39.945
It's a few amps.

468
00:19:39.945 --> 00:19:41.713
You might think of a light
bulb.

469
00:19:41.713 --> 00:19:43.849
The old style
light bulbs would be 100W.

470
00:19:43.849 --> 00:19:45.584
Watts, 100W?

471
00:19:45.584 --> 00:19:48.053
We have 100 billion watts,
lots of energy

472
00:19:48.053 --> 00:19:51.056
flowing overhead,
and a typical auroral display.

473
00:19:51.924 --> 00:19:54.526
Wow, that is impressive.

474
00:19:54.526 --> 00:19:55.460
A lot. It's a lot.

475
00:19:55.460 --> 00:19:57.663
It's a lot of energy up there.

476
00:19:57.663 --> 00:20:00.999
Okay, so our next question
is from Christy on YouTube.

477
00:20:01.200 --> 00:20:04.870
And they ask, Will
the EZIE spacecraft take images

478
00:20:04.870 --> 00:20:07.873
of the Aurora?

479
00:20:09.208 --> 00:20:10.609
Yes, images.

480
00:20:10.609 --> 00:20:12.878
But it's not what the camera.

481
00:20:12.878 --> 00:20:15.881
So it's a very unique
measurement that we are doing.

482
00:20:16.048 --> 00:20:16.648
We are

483
00:20:17.616 --> 00:20:18.050
you know,

484
00:20:18.050 --> 00:20:21.186
math by
measuring the magnetic field.

485
00:20:21.186 --> 00:20:24.923
So we'll have an image,
but it's not the typical image

486
00:20:24.923 --> 00:20:28.360
that we are familiar with
with the cameras.

487
00:20:30.529 --> 00:20:33.131
But it's a really interesting
question.

488
00:20:33.131 --> 00:20:33.265
Yeah.

489
00:20:33.265 --> 00:20:34.700
It's really
an image of the current

490
00:20:34.700 --> 00:20:36.068
that we've been talking about.

491
00:20:36.068 --> 00:20:37.069
You know,
when you take a picture

492
00:20:37.069 --> 00:20:38.237
with your camera, you

493
00:20:38.237 --> 00:20:41.173
you capture the photons
and you capture the aurora.

494
00:20:41.173 --> 00:20:43.842
We're taking an image of really
is the currents

495
00:20:43.842 --> 00:20:47.346
that are flowing in the
ionosphere, by measuring max.

496
00:20:47.546 --> 00:20:49.948
And then there's some fancy math
that we invert it

497
00:20:49.948 --> 00:20:51.149
and we see beautiful maps.

498
00:20:51.149 --> 00:20:52.618
So the data product we produce

499
00:20:52.618 --> 00:20:55.020
some EZIE is actually sort of
like an image

500
00:20:55.020 --> 00:20:58.023
in a way of the current flowing
in the ionosphere.

501
00:20:58.557 --> 00:20:59.825
Fantastic.

502
00:20:59.825 --> 00:21:00.959
So I want to take a moment

503
00:21:00.959 --> 00:21:03.161
to tell our viewers
about a cool project

504
00:21:03.161 --> 00:21:04.696
the EZIE Team is working on

505
00:21:04.696 --> 00:21:06.965
to get the public involved
in the mission.

506
00:21:06.965 --> 00:21:09.534
The team is sending around
700 devices

507
00:21:09.534 --> 00:21:13.505
called magnetometers to learners
across the United States.

508
00:21:13.839 --> 00:21:16.541
So let's take a look
at how you can help scientists

509
00:21:16.541 --> 00:21:19.144
better understand
the sun's effects on Earth.

510
00:21:19.144 --> 00:21:20.445
Using these instruments.

511
00:21:22.014 --> 00:21:24.283
The aurora
or Northern and Southern

512
00:21:24.283 --> 00:21:27.286
lights have fascinated people
for millennia.

513
00:21:27.586 --> 00:21:29.655
Many cultures
have formed traditions

514
00:21:29.655 --> 00:21:32.557
around these mysterious
dancing lights in the sky.

515
00:21:32.557 --> 00:21:33.859
But hidden within them

516
00:21:33.859 --> 00:21:37.095
are secrets of the link
between Earth and the sun,

517
00:21:37.929 --> 00:21:40.766
a link that scientists
want to better understand

518
00:21:40.766 --> 00:21:41.767
so they can predict

519
00:21:41.767 --> 00:21:43.535
and therefore
protect our technology

520
00:21:43.535 --> 00:21:46.538
from the impacts of space,
weather,

521
00:21:46.838 --> 00:21:48.807
particles and energy
from the sun,

522
00:21:48.807 --> 00:21:50.876
which reach Earth
through the solar wind.

523
00:21:50.876 --> 00:21:53.078
Interact
with invisible electric currents

524
00:21:53.078 --> 00:21:56.548
in our atmosphere, creating
dazzling auroral light shows.

525
00:21:57.049 --> 00:21:58.250
But if strong enough,

526
00:21:58.250 --> 00:22:00.686
they can also disrupt
technologies like GPS,

527
00:22:00.686 --> 00:22:03.722
satellites, communication
systems and power grids

528
00:22:04.423 --> 00:22:06.058
to study
the electrical currents.

529
00:22:06.058 --> 00:22:09.127
NASA is launching EZIE in 2025.

530
00:22:09.995 --> 00:22:13.131
The mission will put three small
satellites, called CubeSats,

531
00:22:13.298 --> 00:22:15.701
in orbit around Earth
to create maps

532
00:22:15.701 --> 00:22:18.337
of these electrical currents
for the first time,

533
00:22:18.337 --> 00:22:19.571
and you can help

534
00:22:20.839 --> 00:22:21.840
learners can join our

535
00:22:21.840 --> 00:22:24.843
team by becoming
citizen scientists.

536
00:22:25.110 --> 00:22:27.245
What's a citizen scientist?

537
00:22:27.245 --> 00:22:28.747
They are members of the public

538
00:22:28.747 --> 00:22:31.983
like you, who collaborate
with professional scientists

539
00:22:32.317 --> 00:22:34.986
by helping collect data
about our world.

540
00:22:34.986 --> 00:22:37.656
And they make a big impact.

541
00:22:37.656 --> 00:22:38.757
Intimidated?

542
00:22:38.757 --> 00:22:42.627
Don't be our EZIE magnetometer
maker kit, called EZIE Mag

543
00:22:42.627 --> 00:22:43.362
for short,

544
00:22:43.362 --> 00:22:45.731
provides everything you need to
participate

545
00:22:45.731 --> 00:22:48.734
and can be used by learners
of all ages.

546
00:22:48.867 --> 00:22:51.169
Just like a
professional engineer,

547
00:22:51.169 --> 00:22:52.371
you will build an instrument

548
00:22:52.371 --> 00:22:55.407
to collect valuable information
about the world around you.

549
00:22:55.407 --> 00:22:57.175
Over the course of a year,

550
00:22:57.175 --> 00:22:58.710
your data will provide

551
00:22:58.710 --> 00:23:00.679
essential context
for the measurements

552
00:23:00.679 --> 00:23:03.348
that EZIE satellites
are making high above,

553
00:23:03.348 --> 00:23:05.817
helping them map
the electrical currents,

554
00:23:05.817 --> 00:23:08.353
educational activities
and design challenges

555
00:23:08.353 --> 00:23:11.823
which we provide will help learn

556
00:23:13.191 --> 00:23:15.894
Learners will be able to connect
with EZIE researchers

557
00:23:15.894 --> 00:23:17.629
through interactive webinars,

558
00:23:17.629 --> 00:23:19.064
and even connect with each other

559
00:23:19.064 --> 00:23:21.400
through our Global Pen
Pal program.

560
00:23:21.400 --> 00:23:24.603
Reach out to learn more about
joining the EZIE Mag community

561
00:23:24.836 --> 00:23:27.639
and helping scientists
protect our technology

562
00:23:27.639 --> 00:23:30.642
and our planet.

563
00:23:33.578 --> 00:23:36.948
What a wonderful project
to get the public involved.

564
00:23:37.382 --> 00:23:40.886
So Nelly, you have an EZIE mag
with you right now.

565
00:23:41.119 --> 00:23:44.089
Can you tell us
about the device?

566
00:23:44.623 --> 00:23:45.157
Sure.

567
00:23:45.157 --> 00:23:47.959
So we are very excited
about this project.

568
00:23:47.959 --> 00:23:50.662
As you mentioned,
this is for the first time

569
00:23:50.662 --> 00:23:53.999
that we are providing
opportunity for the students

570
00:23:53.999 --> 00:23:56.501
to be scientists
and help the scientists

571
00:23:56.501 --> 00:23:59.504
alongside
the EZIE mission scientists.

572
00:23:59.571 --> 00:24:01.440
So this is a magnetometer.

573
00:24:01.440 --> 00:24:03.708
It's a actually very good grade.

574
00:24:03.708 --> 00:24:04.576
Magnetometer.

575
00:24:04.576 --> 00:24:08.313
And Larry will talk about that
and his experience with,

576
00:24:08.313 --> 00:24:09.381
this magnetometer.

577
00:24:09.381 --> 00:24:12.017
But the magnetometer
it really helps.

578
00:24:12.017 --> 00:24:13.518
It's a scientific instrument

579
00:24:13.518 --> 00:24:15.620
that helps the strength
direction

580
00:24:15.620 --> 00:24:18.023
and any changes
in magnetic field

581
00:24:18.023 --> 00:24:21.593
that you can measure with this
making, with magnetometer.

582
00:24:21.927 --> 00:24:25.063
So our scientists are measuring
the magnetic field

583
00:24:25.063 --> 00:24:26.598
from the Bob and the students.

584
00:24:26.598 --> 00:24:28.834
They can make the measurements
from the ground

585
00:24:28.834 --> 00:24:32.704
and submit all their data,
to the EZIE website.

586
00:24:32.704 --> 00:24:34.840
So the scientists will use that.

587
00:24:34.840 --> 00:24:37.676
So this is very
valuable to be part of this,

588
00:24:38.743 --> 00:24:40.111
project.

589
00:24:40.111 --> 00:24:43.114
And also
this it's very easy to use.

590
00:24:43.148 --> 00:24:47.686
It has all the components that
a real magnetometer will have.

591
00:24:47.686 --> 00:24:50.722
It has a GPS,
it has a real time clock.

592
00:24:50.722 --> 00:24:53.525
It has a single board computer.

593
00:24:53.525 --> 00:24:56.528
It has sensors
to measure the magnetic field.

594
00:24:56.528 --> 00:24:57.929
The orientation.

595
00:24:57.929 --> 00:24:59.097
And all of it comes

596
00:24:59.097 --> 00:25:03.468
with the very easy instructions
and the EZIE, mag website.

597
00:25:03.468 --> 00:25:06.004
So, please, look at this.

598
00:25:06.004 --> 00:25:09.207
If you're in school
or you're interested, join

599
00:25:09.207 --> 00:25:12.210
and be part of the EZIE family.

600
00:25:13.411 --> 00:25:16.781
And I believe Larry you use
this, maybe you can talk more

601
00:25:16.781 --> 00:25:20.252
about how easy it is
to use this, EZIE mag.

602
00:25:21.553 --> 00:25:21.720
Yeah.

603
00:25:21.720 --> 00:25:24.723
I was part of the original beta
test program, just one of the

604
00:25:24.789 --> 00:25:26.391
when we developed
a handful of them in,

605
00:25:26.391 --> 00:25:29.661
about a year and a half ago
or so, was able to put together

606
00:25:29.661 --> 00:25:32.063
my son, who was ten at the time.
No problem.

607
00:25:32.063 --> 00:25:33.298
Putting together
took about an hour.

608
00:25:33.298 --> 00:25:34.966
I a little time lapse of it,

609
00:25:34.966 --> 00:25:37.969
putting together plug in
and it worked.

610
00:25:38.003 --> 00:25:39.471
And we have it
sitting in our backyard.

611
00:25:39.471 --> 00:25:41.806
Today we show it to people
when they come over.

612
00:25:41.806 --> 00:25:43.508
I've had the associate
administrator over to my house,

613
00:25:43.508 --> 00:25:46.912
and she's seen it in
our backyard, as it operating.

614
00:25:47.212 --> 00:25:49.080
And I remember just a few weeks
after

615
00:25:49.080 --> 00:25:50.949
we had initially installed it,
we had one of these

616
00:25:50.949 --> 00:25:52.717
giant solar storms
come in and hit the

617
00:25:52.717 --> 00:25:53.752
Earth and compress the Earth.

618
00:25:54.853 --> 00:25:56.087
Remember
what I said about currents

619
00:25:56.087 --> 00:25:57.489
flowing and produce
magnetic field?

620
00:25:57.489 --> 00:26:00.425
Well, there's a current
that surrounds, our, our,

621
00:26:00.425 --> 00:26:01.726
you know, our main use here.

622
00:26:01.726 --> 00:26:04.729
And they got closer to us
because the current was closer.

623
00:26:04.930 --> 00:26:06.298
We measured a stronger
magnetic field.

624
00:26:06.298 --> 00:26:07.198
And I actually measured that

625
00:26:07.198 --> 00:26:09.467
with my EZIE
magnetometer on the ground.

626
00:26:09.467 --> 00:26:11.303
And I remember taking a picture
of I had on the screen.

627
00:26:11.303 --> 00:26:12.871
I took a picture of it,

628
00:26:12.871 --> 00:26:16.207
compared it with the proper USGS
magnetometer on Virginia,

629
00:26:16.207 --> 00:26:18.243
and they were just
almost identical.

630
00:26:18.243 --> 00:26:19.978
And I really excitedly
texted the,

631
00:26:19.978 --> 00:26:21.146
the science team said, look, we

632
00:26:21.146 --> 00:26:22.480
we can do science
in our backyard.

633
00:26:22.480 --> 00:26:25.483
So it's actually really
wonderful, a little project.

634
00:26:25.517 --> 00:26:27.619
And I just want to also
acknowledge

635
00:26:27.619 --> 00:26:32.390
Rob Barnes and Doctor Jasper
Yellow for, their support

636
00:26:32.390 --> 00:26:35.493
and their hard work
to develop these magnetometers.

637
00:26:35.493 --> 00:26:38.330
And they've been a
big part of the EZIE family.

638
00:26:39.898 --> 00:26:41.833
What an amazing project.

639
00:26:41.833 --> 00:26:44.669
So I hope some of the viewers
today will get involved.

640
00:26:44.669 --> 00:26:47.505
You can learn more on EZIE mag

641
00:26:47.505 --> 00:26:50.508
dot data APL, dot edu.

642
00:26:51.543 --> 00:26:54.079
Okay, so let's
get into a few more questions

643
00:26:54.079 --> 00:26:56.014
that are coming in online.

644
00:26:56.014 --> 00:27:00.318
We have next question
from Chris Street on YouTube.

645
00:27:00.685 --> 00:27:03.755
And they ask, Will this help
predict solar storms

646
00:27:03.755 --> 00:27:06.758
more accurately?

647
00:27:08.460 --> 00:27:09.260
Do you want me to go ahead?

648
00:27:09.260 --> 00:27:11.496
You can take it.

649
00:27:11.496 --> 00:27:12.931
You go ahead.

650
00:27:12.931 --> 00:27:14.199
Okay.

651
00:27:14.199 --> 00:27:17.035
So there's different aspects
of what we call solar storms.

652
00:27:17.035 --> 00:27:19.170
Typically when you say the word
solar storm,

653
00:27:19.170 --> 00:27:21.373
we think about something
that erupts from the sun.

654
00:27:21.373 --> 00:27:22.407
Coronal mass ejection.

655
00:27:22.407 --> 00:27:23.475
So anytime you've seen the

656
00:27:23.475 --> 00:27:26.478
people, pictures
from SDO, Soho stereo

657
00:27:26.678 --> 00:27:29.047
and you see the giant,
you know, complex thing,

658
00:27:29.047 --> 00:27:31.082
it blows off the sun and comes
towards us.

659
00:27:31.082 --> 00:27:33.051
That's a coronal mass ejection.

660
00:27:33.051 --> 00:27:34.219
And that's the thing
that hits us

661
00:27:34.219 --> 00:27:36.121
maybe 2 to 3 days
later and causes

662
00:27:36.121 --> 00:27:39.391
what we call geomagnetic storms
when it reaches the Earth.

663
00:27:39.891 --> 00:27:41.426
So EZIE will not help predict

664
00:27:41.426 --> 00:27:42.060
the eruption

665
00:27:42.060 --> 00:27:43.161
of the chromatic vacuum,

666
00:27:43.161 --> 00:27:45.830
but we will be able to predict
on our side

667
00:27:45.830 --> 00:27:47.599
is what happens
when it comes here.

668
00:27:47.599 --> 00:27:49.401
So I mentioned earlier, 
the currents

669
00:27:49.401 --> 00:27:52.570
flying overhead and causing,
perturbations on the ground.

670
00:27:52.570 --> 00:27:55.573
We call those geo magnetically
induced currents or dis ease.

671
00:27:56.207 --> 00:27:58.510
And we don't really understand
very well

672
00:27:58.510 --> 00:28:01.513
how and when they occur or
how to predict their intensity.

673
00:28:01.980 --> 00:28:03.648
EZIE will help with that
for sure.

674
00:28:03.648 --> 00:28:04.149
We'll be able to

675
00:28:04.149 --> 00:28:05.183
that will be flying over

676
00:28:05.183 --> 00:28:07.819
those structures
that create high seas.

677
00:28:07.819 --> 00:28:10.321
And by understanding
what causes their evolution,

678
00:28:10.321 --> 00:28:11.890
how they evolve,

679
00:28:11.890 --> 00:28:13.324
you know, their intensity,

680
00:28:13.324 --> 00:28:14.292
we'll be able to see that into

681
00:28:14.292 --> 00:28:16.361
models, which then maybe,
hopefully

682
00:28:16.361 --> 00:28:18.830
will help, with prediction
of disease and space weather.

683
00:28:18.830 --> 00:28:19.130
Thanks.

684
00:28:20.598 --> 00:28:23.101
And just
to add to what you, Larry,

685
00:28:23.101 --> 00:28:24.569
very beautifully explained.

686
00:28:24.569 --> 00:28:25.837
Even the EZIE mag

687
00:28:25.837 --> 00:28:29.207
will help with that too,
because now, for the first time,

688
00:28:29.207 --> 00:28:33.111
we have 700 magnets motors that
are making this measurement.

689
00:28:33.545 --> 00:28:38.750
And when you have 700 good data,
the amount of testing

690
00:28:38.750 --> 00:28:43.121
and even you can use it for data
trending and prediction

691
00:28:43.154 --> 00:28:46.124
that, just a lot of,

692
00:28:46.124 --> 00:28:49.127
help to our scientists as well.

693
00:28:49.394 --> 00:28:50.729
Definitely.

694
00:28:50.729 --> 00:28:50.929
Okay.

695
00:28:50.929 --> 00:28:54.733
So our next question
is from door on X and they ask,

696
00:28:54.866 --> 00:28:57.869
how do you control
the satellites?

697
00:28:58.636 --> 00:28:59.904
That's a really good question.

698
00:28:59.904 --> 00:29:02.640
So, the spacecraft,

699
00:29:02.640 --> 00:29:04.676
as I mentioned,
they are very small

700
00:29:04.676 --> 00:29:06.711
and they don't have
a propulsion.

701
00:29:06.711 --> 00:29:11.149
So the way that we control them,
it's by, ordering

702
00:29:11.149 --> 00:29:14.152
or commanding the spacecraft
that which direction?

703
00:29:14.152 --> 00:29:17.055
We want the solar panels to be.

704
00:29:17.055 --> 00:29:20.925
So, we can make them go faster
or a little slower,

705
00:29:21.059 --> 00:29:24.062
but it's really by controlling
the solar panels,

706
00:29:24.162 --> 00:29:28.199
on their spacecraft
that we control the spacecraft.

707
00:29:28.199 --> 00:29:32.337
And, you know, they are in a
very solid orbit right now, and.

708
00:29:32.337 --> 00:29:36.107
Oh, this the movie shows
very nicely that how we are,

709
00:29:36.241 --> 00:29:40.345
you know this when it's looking
upward, it's calibrating.

710
00:29:41.546 --> 00:29:44.549
Right
now it's making measurements

711
00:29:46.050 --> 00:29:48.286
when it's in the green area
that are,

712
00:29:48.286 --> 00:29:51.389
after it comes off the aurora,
we do

713
00:29:51.489 --> 00:29:54.492
another calibration.

714
00:29:55.260 --> 00:29:57.495
And after the calibration is

715
00:29:57.495 --> 00:30:00.498
completed, this is the area
that we control,

716
00:30:00.532 --> 00:30:04.068
the spacecraft
to make sure that we maintain

717
00:30:04.068 --> 00:30:07.438
the 2 to 10 minute separation
between the spacecraft.

718
00:30:09.007 --> 00:30:11.676
Is it either is it possible
to pull that video up again?

719
00:30:11.676 --> 00:30:11.776
Cause

720
00:30:11.776 --> 00:30:12.844
I want explain something
that I didn't

721
00:30:12.844 --> 00:30:15.613
actually understand
until I came and work at NASA.

722
00:30:15.613 --> 00:30:16.748
It has to do with something
called

723
00:30:16.748 --> 00:30:17.982
reaction wheels on a spacecraft.

724
00:30:17.982 --> 00:30:19.050
So you look at the spacecraft,

725
00:30:19.050 --> 00:30:21.519
it's straight,
and then look how it rotates.

726
00:30:21.519 --> 00:30:23.254
The way it rotates
is actually quite ingenious.

727
00:30:23.254 --> 00:30:24.923
It has a little wheel inside.

728
00:30:24.923 --> 00:30:27.525
It actually has several wheels,
one for each axis.

729
00:30:27.525 --> 00:30:30.562
And if you want to spin it, 
like this way, this direction,

730
00:30:30.829 --> 00:30:31.529
you can see my hand.

731
00:30:31.529 --> 00:30:32.730
You send that direction,

732
00:30:32.730 --> 00:30:35.200
you spin the wheel
the other direction,

733
00:30:35.200 --> 00:30:36.701
you put momentum
in the other direction.

734
00:30:36.701 --> 00:30:39.437
The spaceship wants to stay
in the opposite direction.

735
00:30:39.437 --> 00:30:41.005
It's as simple as that.
You just have little wheels.

736
00:30:41.005 --> 00:30:41.840
That's been one direction.

737
00:30:41.840 --> 00:30:43.608
Spacecraft
moves the opposite direction

738
00:30:43.608 --> 00:30:44.742
and it is called reaction
wheels.

739
00:30:44.742 --> 00:30:46.044
Is a very ingenious, simple,

740
00:30:46.044 --> 00:30:47.478
technique
for controlling spacecraft.

741
00:30:49.247 --> 00:30:51.015
That's fascinating.

742
00:30:51.015 --> 00:30:53.852
So we have another question
on YouTube.

743
00:30:53.852 --> 00:30:57.121
And the question is
how do you expect solar maximum

744
00:30:57.121 --> 00:31:00.124
to affect this mission?

745
00:31:00.325 --> 00:31:04.295
I think it will working out
benefits because, you know what?

746
00:31:04.295 --> 00:31:08.166
We are looking at the events
that are happening and how just

747
00:31:08.166 --> 00:31:10.969
this evolution of the current
is changing.

748
00:31:10.969 --> 00:31:12.937
And with Sean being active,

749
00:31:12.937 --> 00:31:13.771
I think we'll have

750
00:31:13.771 --> 00:31:14.906
more opportunity

751
00:31:14.906 --> 00:31:17.909
to make the science collections
that we want.

752
00:31:17.942 --> 00:31:22.747
So, I think the TI 30 in its
at the right time,

753
00:31:22.914 --> 00:31:25.717
you know, the right season
because we're very interested

754
00:31:25.717 --> 00:31:28.653
and understanding
the summer solstice.

755
00:31:28.653 --> 00:31:32.023
So, and now the sun is active,
so colorful

756
00:31:32.023 --> 00:31:34.158
components
are working in our favor

757
00:31:34.158 --> 00:31:37.662
to make sure that we have
very good, science

758
00:31:37.662 --> 00:31:40.999
data collection
that help us to unlock this,

759
00:31:40.999 --> 00:31:44.736
mapping
and imaging of our electro jet.

760
00:31:46.971 --> 00:31:48.439
So you mentioned T13.

761
00:31:48.439 --> 00:31:51.109
Can you explain a little more
what you mean by that?

762
00:31:51.109 --> 00:31:52.510
Oh, yes. The team 13.

763
00:31:52.510 --> 00:31:54.078
It was the transporter 13,

764
00:31:54.078 --> 00:31:56.915
the beautiful picture
of the lodge that you showed.

765
00:31:56.915 --> 00:31:58.683
So we were a share, right?

766
00:31:58.683 --> 00:32:02.720
How we launched,
was actually 74 payloads

767
00:32:02.720 --> 00:32:04.822
were on that spacecraft.

768
00:32:04.822 --> 00:32:07.759
And it's very amazing that
how much

769
00:32:07.759 --> 00:32:10.828
the technology has changed
over the last couple years.

770
00:32:11.429 --> 00:32:15.800
Before and the maximum you could
deploy 1 or 2 spacecraft.

771
00:32:15.800 --> 00:32:18.770
And, it was very costly.

772
00:32:18.770 --> 00:32:22.607
Now with this technology,
that space X and,

773
00:32:22.907 --> 00:32:26.711
a lot of, launch
provider, satellite, provider

774
00:32:26.711 --> 00:32:28.913
like Maverick space system
that they have

775
00:32:28.913 --> 00:32:34.452
these nice dispensers that you
put the, satellite inside that.

776
00:32:34.452 --> 00:32:38.323
And it's like a suitcase
that keeps you safe.

777
00:32:39.057 --> 00:32:41.859
Because, you know, the launcher
has a lot of vibration.

778
00:32:41.859 --> 00:32:44.662
So this dispensers
that it's open,

779
00:32:44.662 --> 00:32:46.798
it kind of
keep your satellite safe.

780
00:32:46.798 --> 00:32:49.901
And when it gets to the orbit
that it likes you,

781
00:32:49.901 --> 00:32:51.202
like they will deploy you.

782
00:32:51.202 --> 00:32:54.205
So I think there was two
different orbits for deployment,

783
00:32:54.472 --> 00:32:58.609
when we were deployed at 590km.

784
00:32:58.843 --> 00:33:02.680
So, yes, it's the transporter
13 that had we were

785
00:33:02.680 --> 00:33:04.082
launched with Falcon nine.

786
00:33:06.050 --> 00:33:06.951
So Melody

787
00:33:06.951 --> 00:33:10.788
on YouTube, how
would a present day Carrington

788
00:33:10.788 --> 00:33:13.791
event affect our communication
satellites?

789
00:33:15.460 --> 00:33:17.261
Wouldn't be great.

790
00:33:17.261 --> 00:33:19.097
Thank you.

791
00:33:19.097 --> 00:33:21.499
There's a couple things
that that we worry about.

792
00:33:21.499 --> 00:33:24.469
One, are the gases, the
the current

793
00:33:24.469 --> 00:33:25.536
that flow in the atmosphere

794
00:33:25.536 --> 00:33:28.539
and produce, different
currents on the ground.

795
00:33:28.840 --> 00:33:32.176
There's a famous recent event,
1989, in Quebec, during

796
00:33:32.543 --> 00:33:33.678
not a huge storm,

797
00:33:33.678 --> 00:33:35.179
not even close
to the Carrington event,

798
00:33:35.179 --> 00:33:38.182
they knocked out the
hydroelectric plant in Quebec.

799
00:33:38.483 --> 00:33:41.152
And so we do worry
a Carrington event that hit

800
00:33:41.152 --> 00:33:46.190
at the wrong time could really,
destroy many Transformers.

801
00:33:46.190 --> 00:33:47.558
Knock out our power grid.

802
00:33:47.558 --> 00:33:49.360
It's really quite a concern.

803
00:33:49.360 --> 00:33:52.563
Also, satellites,
they live in this environment

804
00:33:52.563 --> 00:33:54.799
out there with.
Especially with particles.

805
00:33:54.799 --> 00:33:58.202
And now we've come to rely
so much on satellites.

806
00:33:58.536 --> 00:34:00.371
You know,
we went from 20 years ago

807
00:34:00.371 --> 00:34:02.106
to having a few hundred
satellites in space.

808
00:34:02.106 --> 00:34:04.442
Now we have thousands
of satellites in space,

809
00:34:04.442 --> 00:34:05.743
and they're all vulnerable.

810
00:34:05.743 --> 00:34:08.146
They're all vulnerable,
and we rely on them.

811
00:34:08.146 --> 00:34:09.213
Another thing that we saw

812
00:34:09.213 --> 00:34:12.250
with this last storm,
you know, a year and a half ago

813
00:34:12.884 --> 00:34:14.419
or G.P.S. issues.

814
00:34:14.419 --> 00:34:14.886
Now, EZIE.

815
00:34:14.886 --> 00:34:17.221
Doesn't study
GPS issues, per se.

816
00:34:17.221 --> 00:34:20.658
But it can't event
or any type of large solar storm

817
00:34:20.958 --> 00:34:23.394
can send these little ripples
through the ionosphere.

818
00:34:23.394 --> 00:34:23.995
And a GPS

819
00:34:23.995 --> 00:34:26.330
signal has to come through
ionosphere that comes through

820
00:34:26.330 --> 00:34:28.399
and sees these little ripples
and changes.

821
00:34:28.399 --> 00:34:29.400
You lose law.

822
00:34:29.400 --> 00:34:31.969
You you don't have precise
positioning.

823
00:34:31.969 --> 00:34:34.472
And so we saw impacts, 
to our economy,

824
00:34:34.472 --> 00:34:37.475
to people not being able to know
where they are.

825
00:34:37.809 --> 00:34:39.777
And nowadays
we're landing airplanes.

826
00:34:39.777 --> 00:34:42.447
We're finding things around
with our GPS signals.

827
00:34:42.447 --> 00:34:44.949
You know, losing that capability
can have a huge impact.

828
00:34:44.949 --> 00:34:47.718
So we need to be very well
prepared.

829
00:34:47.718 --> 00:34:48.719
And of course, the United States

830
00:34:48.719 --> 00:34:50.021
got something
called the Pro Swift Act

831
00:34:50.021 --> 00:34:51.656
that was passed
a little while ago

832
00:34:51.656 --> 00:34:53.991
that really tried to harden our
defenses against space weather.

833
00:34:56.461 --> 00:34:59.464
So the next question
is from dockside on YouTube,

834
00:34:59.630 --> 00:35:02.600
and they ask, how long would
the satellites be an orbit

835
00:35:02.600 --> 00:35:05.603
and how fast will they be
traveling?

836
00:35:06.637 --> 00:35:09.974
So this, spacecraft
are for 18 months.

837
00:35:10.475 --> 00:35:12.143
They are in the orbit.

838
00:35:12.143 --> 00:35:15.079
I think they are traveling
seven miles.

839
00:35:15.079 --> 00:35:17.982
Seven kilometers per second.

840
00:35:17.982 --> 00:35:20.985
I mean, I'm not exactly
kilometers per second

841
00:35:21.252 --> 00:35:23.588
kilo, eight kilometers
per second.

842
00:35:23.588 --> 00:35:25.189
So they are going very fast.

843
00:35:25.189 --> 00:35:29.393
And, you know, to go over
one orbit, as we mentioned,

844
00:35:29.393 --> 00:35:30.828
it's about 90 minutes.

845
00:35:30.828 --> 00:35:35.233
So, we have 60 times
that the spacecraft

846
00:35:35.233 --> 00:35:38.236
can go on the area
of the region of interest.

847
00:35:38.569 --> 00:35:42.039
So over the 18 months,
we will be collecting a lot

848
00:35:42.039 --> 00:35:43.040
of data.

849
00:35:43.040 --> 00:35:46.911
Each spacecraft
for channel three, a spacecraft.

850
00:35:46.911 --> 00:35:50.848
So, so so I maintain you see,
we have 12 measurements

851
00:35:50.848 --> 00:35:56.020
that we are looking at,
these, ultra electro jets.

852
00:35:56.020 --> 00:36:01.159
And, by having the three year
spacecraft, we can see how

853
00:36:01.159 --> 00:36:04.862
because these, electro jets
are all the time evolving,

854
00:36:05.263 --> 00:36:08.833
and we can understand that
how quickly they are evolving,

855
00:36:08.833 --> 00:36:10.368
how are they shaping?

856
00:36:10.368 --> 00:36:14.605
So having this new spacecraft
help us a lot with answering

857
00:36:14.605 --> 00:36:15.840
that question as well.

858
00:36:19.110 --> 00:36:22.046
Patrick, on
YouTube, ask, what are the EZIE

859
00:36:22.046 --> 00:36:25.049
satellites made of?

860
00:36:28.886 --> 00:36:30.621
That's an interesting question.

861
00:36:30.621 --> 00:36:33.991
So, you know, this is different
components

862
00:36:33.991 --> 00:36:36.994
have different materials,
but the body of the,

863
00:36:36.994 --> 00:36:39.997
you know, the spacecraft,
it's aluminum.

864
00:36:43.367 --> 00:36:43.768
Okay.

865
00:36:43.768 --> 00:36:47.505
And, a riff on YouTube asks,
what are the scopes

866
00:36:47.505 --> 00:36:50.508
for fundamental physics
in the EZIE mission?

867
00:36:52.843 --> 00:36:53.611
Fundamental physics.

868
00:36:53.611 --> 00:36:53.978
Right.

869
00:36:53.978 --> 00:36:54.946
So heliophysics,

870
00:36:54.946 --> 00:36:55.613
which is again,

871
00:36:55.613 --> 00:36:56.480
the study of the science

872
00:36:56.480 --> 00:36:59.550
interaction to the solar system,
has multiple components.

873
00:36:59.550 --> 00:37:01.185
One is the space weather
component.

874
00:37:01.185 --> 00:37:02.053
The impact on society.

875
00:37:02.053 --> 00:37:03.554
And we have that,

876
00:37:03.554 --> 00:37:05.289
the other is the fundamental
physics component

877
00:37:05.289 --> 00:37:06.090
you just asked about.

878
00:37:06.090 --> 00:37:08.259
And we have lots of missions
that study fundamental physics.

879
00:37:08.259 --> 00:37:11.262
Parker Solar Probe, for example,
finds that the solar corona

880
00:37:11.562 --> 00:37:12.863
is saying
the fundamental physics

881
00:37:12.863 --> 00:37:16.067
of heating acceleration,
how they how the sun, gets hot

882
00:37:16.701 --> 00:37:17.235
angles for it.

883
00:37:17.235 --> 00:37:19.403
Multiscale is studying
the fundamental physics

884
00:37:19.403 --> 00:37:22.273
of magnetic reconnection.
Around Earth.

885
00:37:22.273 --> 00:37:24.875
I would say easier
to the fundamental physics

886
00:37:24.875 --> 00:37:28.980
of how magnetic magnetized
bodies interact with the sun.

887
00:37:29.780 --> 00:37:33.017
Any magnetized body,
around the sun,

888
00:37:33.117 --> 00:37:36.454
Jupiter, Saturn,
any of the planets

889
00:37:36.454 --> 00:37:38.823
and any asteroids with comets,
with magnetic

890
00:37:38.823 --> 00:37:41.826
fields of the album have
the same sort of interaction.

891
00:37:42.260 --> 00:37:43.461
They drive currents.

892
00:37:43.461 --> 00:37:44.895
The currents
are a standard part.

893
00:37:44.895 --> 00:37:46.998
Any object has a magnetic field.

894
00:37:46.998 --> 00:37:50.334
And so my understanding
is that basic interaction

895
00:37:50.334 --> 00:37:51.636
here on Earth,

896
00:37:51.636 --> 00:37:54.639
we can then look at exoplanets,
planets and different stars.

897
00:37:54.839 --> 00:37:56.274
And maybe we can use
the signals,

898
00:37:56.274 --> 00:37:56.807
the kind of signals

899
00:37:56.807 --> 00:37:59.810
we see here on Earth and say,
oh, there's a planet over there.

900
00:37:59.844 --> 00:38:00.711
It has an atmosphere.

901
00:38:00.711 --> 00:38:02.780
It's fun with currents
and things like that.

902
00:38:02.780 --> 00:38:04.348
So even though there's
a scientific

903
00:38:04.348 --> 00:38:06.484
sort of an aspect of space,
weather,

904
00:38:06.484 --> 00:38:09.120
humanity and try to understand
our interaction is really

905
00:38:09.120 --> 00:38:10.521
is a very basic principle

906
00:38:10.521 --> 00:38:12.823
of how do magnetized
bodies interact with the sun.

907
00:38:15.993 --> 00:38:18.095
So Erica on YouTube asks,

908
00:38:18.095 --> 00:38:20.831
was any I use during the

909
00:38:20.831 --> 00:38:23.834
the project?

910
00:38:24.368 --> 00:38:26.937
Any I

911
00:38:26.937 --> 00:38:28.039
I'm thinking about it.

912
00:38:28.039 --> 00:38:31.842
I know that we will use that
we can use the future data

913
00:38:31.842 --> 00:38:35.079
that we get and use it for
because it's a lot of data,

914
00:38:35.079 --> 00:38:38.382
even the magnetometer,
we can use it for data trending,

915
00:38:38.849 --> 00:38:42.420
but we did not use
any specific AI.

916
00:38:42.753 --> 00:38:45.756
For this space mission.

917
00:38:48.259 --> 00:38:51.162
Okay, that really good question.

918
00:38:51.162 --> 00:38:54.632
Bangla bar on YouTube,
they ask,

919
00:38:54.632 --> 00:38:57.635
what if the satellites loses
connection?

920
00:39:00.171 --> 00:39:03.708
And happens actually,
you know, it's

921
00:39:04.075 --> 00:39:07.178
sometimes it happens
and we just have to make

922
00:39:07.178 --> 00:39:10.147
try to make connection
to, you know, send a signal.

923
00:39:10.147 --> 00:39:12.917
We don't give up
if we lose connection,

924
00:39:12.917 --> 00:39:16.187
you know, we'll ask for more, 
communication.

925
00:39:16.187 --> 00:39:18.089
So the satellite,

926
00:39:18.089 --> 00:39:20.558
you know, it's always talking
to the ground station.

927
00:39:20.558 --> 00:39:21.792
That's how we talk.

928
00:39:21.792 --> 00:39:24.695
And we try to get more time
for the ground station

929
00:39:24.695 --> 00:39:27.698
so we can have emergency
contact.

930
00:39:27.798 --> 00:39:31.135
So. But it's actually something
especially on the low

931
00:39:31.135 --> 00:39:32.236
Earth orbit.

932
00:39:32.236 --> 00:39:35.005
It's something
that the satellite.

933
00:39:35.005 --> 00:39:38.709
See, and that's part
of the planning that we know

934
00:39:38.709 --> 00:39:41.712
that we will see
more like every 20 days

935
00:39:41.712 --> 00:39:46.016
because of especially,
SCA event, the South

936
00:39:46.016 --> 00:39:50.087
anomaly region that you have,
the radiation, it's very high.

937
00:39:50.287 --> 00:39:52.923
It could easily
cause the satellite

938
00:39:52.923 --> 00:39:55.926
for a couple of hours
to get disconnected and,

939
00:39:56.227 --> 00:39:57.561
loose communications.

940
00:39:58.929 --> 00:40:02.066
But we need to be persistent
and continue talking to them.

941
00:40:02.066 --> 00:40:05.069
If they don't, even if they
don't want to answer the phone,

942
00:40:05.403 --> 00:40:07.805
we, you know, make sure

943
00:40:07.805 --> 00:40:10.808
that they talk to us.

944
00:40:11.342 --> 00:40:11.675
Okay.

945
00:40:11.675 --> 00:40:16.647
So our next question is Andrew
Bennett on YouTube who asks will

946
00:40:16.647 --> 00:40:17.948
the astronauts aboard

947
00:40:17.948 --> 00:40:20.951
the International Space Station
have work or missions

948
00:40:20.951 --> 00:40:23.954
that coincide with this study.

949
00:40:26.690 --> 00:40:27.558
So I'll give that a shot.

950
00:40:27.558 --> 00:40:29.360
It's a really great question.

951
00:40:29.360 --> 00:40:32.062
It's really,
interesting time in our life

952
00:40:32.062 --> 00:40:34.765
to have an orbiting laboratory
right up there with,

953
00:40:34.765 --> 00:40:36.167
with, with people involved.

954
00:40:36.167 --> 00:40:38.869
The two instruments I'm aware
of on the space station

955
00:40:38.869 --> 00:40:42.807
that are relevant, 
to us, one is called Codex.

956
00:40:43.240 --> 00:40:45.810
That codex has been up for
maybe two months

957
00:40:45.810 --> 00:40:47.678
now, and it's a coronagraph
and images,

958
00:40:47.678 --> 00:40:50.748
the sun and a completely new, 
and really cool way.

959
00:40:51.515 --> 00:40:54.652
And so from now,
we can actually see, things

960
00:40:54.652 --> 00:40:55.386
coming from the sun.

961
00:40:56.554 --> 00:40:59.089
The other is, 
the atmospheric wave experiment,

962
00:40:59.089 --> 00:41:00.424
and that's looking down

963
00:41:00.424 --> 00:41:03.060
and looking at things
like gravity waves that are,

964
00:41:03.060 --> 00:41:05.329
you know,
affecting the upper atmosphere.

965
00:41:05.329 --> 00:41:07.264
So from the space station,
those are two that maybe aren't

966
00:41:07.264 --> 00:41:07.932
directly relevant,

967
00:41:07.932 --> 00:41:10.935
but we will utilize them
in an ancillary sense.

968
00:41:11.235 --> 00:41:12.770
There's another mission
that just launched,

969
00:41:12.770 --> 00:41:15.439
just a few days
before it's called punch.

970
00:41:15.439 --> 00:41:18.442
It's the polar emitter to unify
the corona and heliosphere.

971
00:41:18.943 --> 00:41:21.111
And it's interesting
that is also looking at the sun.

972
00:41:21.111 --> 00:41:21.979
It has a coronagraph.

973
00:41:21.979 --> 00:41:24.381
And and he looks like imagery,
sort of looks at the

974
00:41:24.381 --> 00:41:26.684
all the stuff
that's coming off of the sun.

975
00:41:26.684 --> 00:41:28.252
And what's
kind of cool about that

976
00:41:28.252 --> 00:41:30.387
is it flies
in that similar orbit is EZIE.

977
00:41:30.387 --> 00:41:31.789
And it's again, imaging.

978
00:41:31.789 --> 00:41:34.558
So it's not designed
to measure the aurora,

979
00:41:34.558 --> 00:41:36.694
but it's gonna be looking
through the aurora.

980
00:41:36.694 --> 00:41:39.797
And so what they consider noise
if they want to get rid of

981
00:41:39.964 --> 00:41:41.298
is actually our signal.

982
00:41:41.298 --> 00:41:44.301
And so we've been talking to
that punch team since inception,

983
00:41:44.635 --> 00:41:47.972
about how we could use
their data to look at the aurora

984
00:41:47.972 --> 00:41:48.739
they will just throw away

985
00:41:48.739 --> 00:41:49.707
because not
part of their mission.

986
00:41:49.707 --> 00:41:50.841
How we can use their

987
00:41:50.841 --> 00:41:53.410
images of the aurora
and link them to EZIE.

988
00:41:53.410 --> 00:41:54.845
And that's something that
actually really excited about.

989
00:41:57.615 --> 00:41:58.749
That's awesome that you can,

990
00:41:58.749 --> 00:42:00.384
you know, connect
with other missions.

991
00:42:00.384 --> 00:42:03.888
And there's so much more data
to work with right?

992
00:42:04.822 --> 00:42:08.125
So x y, z on x,

993
00:42:08.125 --> 00:42:09.093
how do you protect

994
00:42:09.093 --> 00:42:12.830
the satellites from potential
impacts during space weather?

995
00:42:13.430 --> 00:42:15.866
Our satellites on the far
side of the sun

996
00:42:15.866 --> 00:42:18.869
also impacted.

997
00:42:19.370 --> 00:42:20.137
Good question.

998
00:42:20.137 --> 00:42:23.240
So, I think one of the things
that we do,

999
00:42:23.240 --> 00:42:27.077
the components that we use,
we try to be radiation,

1000
00:42:27.244 --> 00:42:28.312
tolerant.

1001
00:42:28.312 --> 00:42:31.048
So there is a lot of testing
that we do.

1002
00:42:31.048 --> 00:42:34.985
So the components that we use,
they have like flight heritage.

1003
00:42:34.985 --> 00:42:36.854
So we are very comfortable

1004
00:42:36.854 --> 00:42:40.824
that to some extent they can,
support the radiation.

1005
00:42:41.125 --> 00:42:44.828
But again, the single event
upset that happens.

1006
00:42:45.229 --> 00:42:48.198
It could happen in no matter
how much testing you've done.

1007
00:42:48.499 --> 00:42:52.069
You know, for example,
Van Allen probe,

1008
00:42:52.202 --> 00:42:56.173
it was in to a spacecraft
that went to the heart of the

1009
00:42:56.473 --> 00:42:59.043
a radiation belt,
but that was designed

1010
00:42:59.043 --> 00:43:02.112
and we had a lot of shielding
for that to make sure

1011
00:43:02.146 --> 00:43:03.781
did protect the spacecraft.

1012
00:43:03.781 --> 00:43:06.216
But the low Earth orbit
like EZIE.

1013
00:43:06.216 --> 00:43:08.953
They don't have
those kind of protections.

1014
00:43:08.953 --> 00:43:11.789
But it's still we have
a lot of flight heritage.

1015
00:43:11.789 --> 00:43:15.960
So we are comfortable, 
that they can operate 18 months.

1016
00:43:17.061 --> 00:43:18.362
And maybe even we go

1017
00:43:18.362 --> 00:43:21.899
beyond to get extended
mission, for EZIE.

1018
00:43:22.466 --> 00:43:25.636
I don't know what was
the second part of the question.

1019
00:43:26.770 --> 00:43:29.773
Our satellites on the far
side of the sun

1020
00:43:29.807 --> 00:43:32.810
also impacted during space
weather events.

1021
00:43:33.377 --> 00:43:35.045
Yes, they are all connected.

1022
00:43:35.045 --> 00:43:39.083
So, they can be all impacted
the same way.

1023
00:43:40.551 --> 00:43:40.718
Yeah.

1024
00:43:40.718 --> 00:43:43.053
There's an interesting, 
the last solar cycle, we did

1025
00:43:43.053 --> 00:43:46.390
not get a large Carrington
style, storm back then.

1026
00:43:46.991 --> 00:43:49.493
But stereo,
when a NASA spacecraft

1027
00:43:49.493 --> 00:43:51.762
was, was close
to the other side of the sun.

1028
00:43:51.762 --> 00:43:52.463
Totally different region.

1029
00:43:52.463 --> 00:43:55.099
And when these core
mass ejections leave the sun,

1030
00:43:55.099 --> 00:43:57.668
they fill up a large portion
of the heliosphere, the place

1031
00:43:57.668 --> 00:43:59.336
in which we live,
but not everything.

1032
00:43:59.336 --> 00:44:02.339
And so we didn't see this
large CME, but stereo did.

1033
00:44:02.606 --> 00:44:05.509
And that CME was moving so fast,
it actually went off

1034
00:44:05.509 --> 00:44:07.277
scale of the instruments.

1035
00:44:07.277 --> 00:44:08.545
And if that didn't hit us,
that would've

1036
00:44:08.545 --> 00:44:09.880
been pretty close
to a Carrington.

1037
00:44:09.880 --> 00:44:12.650
And I think that event really,
woke a lot of people up.

1038
00:44:15.486 --> 00:44:18.122
So our
next question is from Endeavor

1039
00:44:18.122 --> 00:44:20.557
to Persevere on YouTube.

1040
00:44:20.557 --> 00:44:23.494
And they ask,
how do you protect the battery

1041
00:44:23.494 --> 00:44:26.497
from solar radiation?

1042
00:44:29.700 --> 00:44:31.502
Larry, do you want to take that
question?

1043
00:44:31.502 --> 00:44:33.303
As you say, it's
a gnarly question, but okay,

1044
00:44:33.303 --> 00:44:35.973
how do you protect the battery
from solar radiation robbery?

1045
00:44:35.973 --> 00:44:38.609
Oh, I didn't understand
the question.

1046
00:44:38.609 --> 00:44:41.912
I can I can, see the batteries
actually are are tough,

1047
00:44:41.912 --> 00:44:43.280
actually, to be honest,

1048
00:44:43.280 --> 00:44:45.816
there are a lot of requirements
on battery.

1049
00:44:45.816 --> 00:44:46.483
So batteries,

1050
00:44:46.483 --> 00:44:48.318
as you know, if you tried
to operate your phone

1051
00:44:48.318 --> 00:44:50.287
or your camera,
really cold environments,

1052
00:44:50.287 --> 00:44:51.288
they don't work very well.

1053
00:44:51.288 --> 00:44:51.989
We found the same

1054
00:44:51.989 --> 00:44:54.558
of lithium batteries
sometimes that that you have,

1055
00:44:54.558 --> 00:44:56.260
they're space based,
but they're the same battery.

1056
00:44:56.260 --> 00:44:59.263
And so when it's really cold,
they don't work very well.

1057
00:44:59.329 --> 00:45:01.865
Now, when the really hot,
you know, work very well either.

1058
00:45:01.865 --> 00:45:02.499
And what's

1059
00:45:02.499 --> 00:45:03.500
tough about these orbits

1060
00:45:03.500 --> 00:45:04.935
as we go
into the shadow of the Earth

1061
00:45:04.935 --> 00:45:06.704
and then when
the sunlight of the Earth.

1062
00:45:06.704 --> 00:45:08.739
And so these spacecraft
have to keep that battery

1063
00:45:08.739 --> 00:45:10.174
not too hot, not too cool.

1064
00:45:10.174 --> 00:45:12.242
So there is a lot of design work
that goes in

1065
00:45:12.242 --> 00:45:15.245
and how to either feed it, 
to keep it warmer

1066
00:45:15.312 --> 00:45:18.115
or to take the power out
and, and keep it cooler.

1067
00:45:18.115 --> 00:45:19.516
But there's limited range

1068
00:45:19.516 --> 00:45:20.551
of where you can
operate the battery.

1069
00:45:20.551 --> 00:45:21.885
We kind of
very carefully designed

1070
00:45:21.885 --> 00:45:23.153
that spacecraft
to keep in that range.

1071
00:45:27.324 --> 00:45:30.961
So Myles on Facebook
asked, what is the advantage

1072
00:45:30.961 --> 00:45:33.964
of using CubeSats
for the EZIE mission?

1073
00:45:35.299 --> 00:45:38.969
I think one of the advantages
that, where low cost

1074
00:45:39.403 --> 00:45:41.972
the science return, it's
very high.

1075
00:45:41.972 --> 00:45:44.808
I always say
the continuation was plastic.

1076
00:45:44.808 --> 00:45:47.010
That means
you can take a lot of risk.

1077
00:45:47.010 --> 00:45:48.946
But the science of that,
it's class

1078
00:45:48.946 --> 00:45:50.414
A we're doing of making

1079
00:45:50.414 --> 00:45:53.417
a lot of science new science
for the first time.

1080
00:45:53.450 --> 00:45:56.987
So I think the advantage of it,
it's using a CubeSat

1081
00:45:56.987 --> 00:45:58.388
like EZIE mission.

1082
00:45:58.388 --> 00:46:00.124
You can lower the cost.

1083
00:46:00.124 --> 00:46:03.127
You can increase
the development time.

1084
00:46:03.160 --> 00:46:06.930
We had 40 months on the on
developing these three CubeSat

1085
00:46:07.064 --> 00:46:08.198
on three instruments.

1086
00:46:08.198 --> 00:46:12.703
And I want to thank our partners
at Blue Canyon Technology and,

1087
00:46:13.637 --> 00:46:15.706
JPL, for their,

1088
00:46:15.706 --> 00:46:18.742
help in developing this, 
mission.

1089
00:46:19.009 --> 00:46:22.813
And really,
I think, this is a new way of,

1090
00:46:23.013 --> 00:46:26.683
collecting science
in a low cost, fast rate

1091
00:46:26.784 --> 00:46:28.218
that we are very excited.

1092
00:46:31.288 --> 00:46:33.423
So, another question on YouTube

1093
00:46:33.423 --> 00:46:36.493
is, what is powering EZIE.

1094
00:46:39.196 --> 00:46:41.331
So there are a couple
mechanisms.

1095
00:46:41.331 --> 00:46:44.735
One is the solar panels,
of course, that they are,

1096
00:46:44.735 --> 00:46:47.771
you know,
constantly in each orbit.

1097
00:46:47.805 --> 00:46:50.808
We have a couple hours
that the sun, you know, that

1098
00:46:50.808 --> 00:46:51.742
not a couple hours,

1099
00:46:51.742 --> 00:46:55.279
couple minutes that there's
still a solar panel is charging

1100
00:46:55.612 --> 00:46:56.580
and then the can

1101
00:46:56.580 --> 00:46:57.247
the charge

1102
00:46:57.247 --> 00:47:00.284
gets stored in the battery,
so the battery will

1103
00:47:00.284 --> 00:47:01.118
keep the charge.

1104
00:47:01.118 --> 00:47:03.020
And when we are on the dark side

1105
00:47:03.020 --> 00:47:06.557
that the solar panels are not
charging, we use the battery.

1106
00:47:06.857 --> 00:47:10.828
So it's a very complex system
that they have to work together

1107
00:47:10.828 --> 00:47:13.997
to make sure
that the satellite is constant.

1108
00:47:14.064 --> 00:47:17.067
We have enough charge.

1109
00:47:19.002 --> 00:47:19.369
Okay.

1110
00:47:19.369 --> 00:47:22.573
So our next question on YouTube
again is

1111
00:47:22.573 --> 00:47:26.777
how long does average
space weather last for?

1112
00:47:30.881 --> 00:47:31.682
You let me give that a shot.

1113
00:47:31.682 --> 00:47:34.685
So again, different

1114
00:47:34.885 --> 00:47:36.320
the different kinds
of space weather

1115
00:47:36.320 --> 00:47:38.222
and the broad
range of space weather.

1116
00:47:38.222 --> 00:47:41.291
So mass ejection, 
starts with a flare,

1117
00:47:41.692 --> 00:47:42.593
and that flare,

1118
00:47:42.593 --> 00:47:44.228
if it's pointing
in the right direction

1119
00:47:44.228 --> 00:47:46.930
or wrong direction, 
can send particles to the Earth.

1120
00:47:46.930 --> 00:47:47.831
Nodes can last several

1121
00:47:47.831 --> 00:47:49.533
days, actually,
that we're connected to the sun,

1122
00:47:49.533 --> 00:47:51.768
and you can see it there
and we're connected.

1123
00:47:51.768 --> 00:47:54.771
That CME can take about 2
to 3 days to reach the Earth.

1124
00:47:55.239 --> 00:47:56.373
And then when it reaches
the Earth,

1125
00:47:56.373 --> 00:47:58.942
it causes something
called a geomagnetic storm.

1126
00:47:58.942 --> 00:48:00.844
And that storm is when,

1127
00:48:00.844 --> 00:48:02.646
you know,
you squeeze the magnetosphere

1128
00:48:02.646 --> 00:48:05.449
and those are last again,
two to 3 to 5 days.

1129
00:48:05.449 --> 00:48:06.116
There comes a CME.

1130
00:48:06.116 --> 00:48:08.652
Now lifting up the sun.

1131
00:48:08.652 --> 00:48:11.588
The kind of event
that, EZIE, really designed.

1132
00:48:11.588 --> 00:48:13.957
That study is called
a sub storm.

1133
00:48:13.957 --> 00:48:14.758
Sub.

1134
00:48:14.758 --> 00:48:16.393
When you see beautiful movies

1135
00:48:16.393 --> 00:48:17.394
that the Aurora,

1136
00:48:17.394 --> 00:48:18.695
the things that happen
very quickly,

1137
00:48:18.695 --> 00:48:20.530
maybe they're over
in 20 minutes.

1138
00:48:20.530 --> 00:48:22.099
And so it's
something about 20 minutes.

1139
00:48:22.099 --> 00:48:24.534
The storm is about 3 to 5 days.

1140
00:48:24.534 --> 00:48:27.137
Enhancements in the radiation
belts.

1141
00:48:27.137 --> 00:48:28.972
Can. Depends on what kind.

1142
00:48:28.972 --> 00:48:30.774
Sometime
during really strong events,

1143
00:48:30.774 --> 00:48:31.275
we get something

1144
00:48:31.275 --> 00:48:33.110
really close to the Earth.
You sometimes hear people

1145
00:48:33.110 --> 00:48:35.312
talking about the inner inner
zone.

1146
00:48:35.312 --> 00:48:37.514
In that region,
those can last years.

1147
00:48:37.514 --> 00:48:41.251
And that's actually
really quite, dangerous

1148
00:48:41.251 --> 00:48:44.187
because it's a very energetic
particles in that inner zone,

1149
00:48:44.187 --> 00:48:46.823
very close
to where our satellites operate.

1150
00:48:46.823 --> 00:48:48.425
So those are different
timescales that you see.

1151
00:48:51.528 --> 00:48:53.964
So, we're getting
a lot of questions on YouTube.

1152
00:48:53.964 --> 00:48:56.967
Our next one on YouTube is

1153
00:48:57.000 --> 00:49:00.904
how long did it take to design
and build the EZIE spacecraft?

1154
00:49:02.606 --> 00:49:04.274
It's a really good question.

1155
00:49:04.274 --> 00:49:08.412
So, for any NASA mission,
there is about two years

1156
00:49:08.412 --> 00:49:11.548
before you even propose
you start thinking about

1157
00:49:11.548 --> 00:49:12.549
this kind of mission.

1158
00:49:12.549 --> 00:49:15.018
What kind of science
you want to take.

1159
00:49:15.018 --> 00:49:18.922
And after you get selected
and you go through the process

1160
00:49:18.922 --> 00:49:21.925
of, the competition
and you get selected

1161
00:49:22.159 --> 00:49:25.696
EZIE mission talk about
40 months from phase B.

1162
00:49:25.696 --> 00:49:27.864
Each phase,
it has a different name.

1163
00:49:27.864 --> 00:49:31.435
But then early on that
you start designing till you,

1164
00:49:31.635 --> 00:49:35.939
it's making your engineering
model, the flight model,

1165
00:49:35.939 --> 00:49:40.177
do a lot of testing,
until it gets ready for launch.

1166
00:49:40.177 --> 00:49:41.945
It was about 40 months,

1167
00:49:41.945 --> 00:49:45.048
which is a very, 
interesting record

1168
00:49:45.048 --> 00:49:48.485
for three CubeSats and three
very complex instruments

1169
00:49:48.719 --> 00:49:52.356
to be on time
and on costs to, be developed.

1170
00:49:52.823 --> 00:49:54.424
So we are very proud of that.

1171
00:49:55.859 --> 00:49:58.729
That's very impressive.

1172
00:49:58.729 --> 00:49:59.029
Okay.

1173
00:49:59.029 --> 00:50:02.232
So we have a question
from Krishna on YouTube.

1174
00:50:02.232 --> 00:50:02.933
And they ask,

1175
00:50:02.933 --> 00:50:05.936
what is the single point
of success of this project

1176
00:50:06.036 --> 00:50:09.039
and how will it benefit
citizens?

1177
00:50:12.642 --> 00:50:13.643
Now you think, yeah,
I was thinking

1178
00:50:13.643 --> 00:50:16.646
you might know your requirements
from the top of your head, but

1179
00:50:17.647 --> 00:50:19.750
I can see my answer different.

1180
00:50:19.750 --> 00:50:20.684
Yeah, I mean,

1181
00:50:20.684 --> 00:50:24.021
there are required things
that we follow, but I think what

1182
00:50:24.021 --> 00:50:27.791
it's really successful for
every mission is the teamwork.

1183
00:50:28.125 --> 00:50:31.762
You know, the teamwork
and communication that we work

1184
00:50:31.762 --> 00:50:35.132
together and making sure
that we mitigate all the risks.

1185
00:50:35.565 --> 00:50:37.134
Because at the beginning,

1186
00:50:37.134 --> 00:50:38.635
when we start these projects,

1187
00:50:38.635 --> 00:50:41.204
we know what kind
of requirements we have

1188
00:50:41.204 --> 00:50:42.572
and we need to meet.

1189
00:50:42.572 --> 00:50:45.442
And you always need
obstacles, issues.

1190
00:50:45.442 --> 00:50:47.344
But the teamwork,
how you resolve

1191
00:50:47.344 --> 00:50:48.245
that is the key

1192
00:50:48.245 --> 00:50:51.581
for the success of every mission
that how great the teamwork

1193
00:50:51.581 --> 00:50:53.550
together,
how hard they work together.

1194
00:50:55.352 --> 00:50:57.687
Yes, the main science
question of EZIE is really

1195
00:50:57.687 --> 00:51:00.690
looking at these electric gets
the concepts on the eyes here.

1196
00:51:01.191 --> 00:51:02.025
And the big question

1197
00:51:02.025 --> 00:51:05.028
that we developed in the last
20 or 30 years is

1198
00:51:05.295 --> 00:51:08.298
what is the spatial scale
of these, these electric jets?

1199
00:51:08.331 --> 00:51:10.400
The textbook when I grew up,
when I was in grad school

1200
00:51:10.400 --> 00:51:13.136
in the 90s, we, picture
they drew with these just lines.

1201
00:51:13.136 --> 00:51:14.504
It's sort of like a picture
you had earlier.

1202
00:51:14.504 --> 00:51:17.307
We saw the current.
There is these horizontal lines.

1203
00:51:17.307 --> 00:51:19.609
We view them as sort of these
just long line currents

1204
00:51:19.609 --> 00:51:20.977
from the ionosphere.

1205
00:51:20.977 --> 00:51:23.480
All these inferred over
the last decade or two

1206
00:51:23.480 --> 00:51:25.449
is that actually that line
probably isn't correct.

1207
00:51:25.449 --> 00:51:25.882
It's probably

1208
00:51:25.882 --> 00:51:28.885
for these little elementary,
smaller current systems.

1209
00:51:29.152 --> 00:51:30.787
And our missions

1210
00:51:30.787 --> 00:51:33.023
had not been able
to really analyze that at all.

1211
00:51:33.023 --> 00:51:34.891
You can't really see them
from the ground very well.

1212
00:51:34.891 --> 00:51:36.359
If you're too far away.

1213
00:51:36.359 --> 00:51:38.295
And you can't do it
with a single satellite,

1214
00:51:38.295 --> 00:51:40.564
you don't see the evolutions
in these multiple satellites.

1215
00:51:40.564 --> 00:51:43.366
You need the imaging
that we have with EZIE

1216
00:51:43.366 --> 00:51:45.001
to give us these maps
and these pictures

1217
00:51:45.001 --> 00:51:47.337
with the different scale
sizes of the current system.

1218
00:51:47.337 --> 00:51:49.639
So that's actually
the main science objective is

1219
00:51:49.639 --> 00:51:51.308
what is sort of this
middle scale,

1220
00:51:51.308 --> 00:51:54.311
this middle mushy scale
that we can't more resolve.

1221
00:51:54.377 --> 00:51:56.780
How do they drive the gases
that only drive the electric?

1222
00:51:56.780 --> 00:51:58.815
That's and that's the main
science question of using.

1223
00:52:00.517 --> 00:52:00.951
Right.

1224
00:52:00.951 --> 00:52:02.919
So we
have time for a final question.

1225
00:52:02.919 --> 00:52:04.955
And this is for both of you.

1226
00:52:04.955 --> 00:52:05.589
Can you quickly

1227
00:52:05.589 --> 00:52:08.091
tell me what advice do you have
for viewers

1228
00:52:08.091 --> 00:52:10.227
who might be interested
in helping NASA study

1229
00:52:10.227 --> 00:52:13.230
the sun and its influence
across the solar system?

1230
00:52:14.231 --> 00:52:15.999
Very good question.

1231
00:52:15.999 --> 00:52:19.002
I think the main component
is to be curious,

1232
00:52:19.469 --> 00:52:22.639
be curious, and determine
and follow your passion.

1233
00:52:23.106 --> 00:52:25.809
And always push yourself.

1234
00:52:25.809 --> 00:52:29.679
I think when you are curious,
you want to try to find

1235
00:52:29.679 --> 00:52:30.247
the answer.

1236
00:52:30.247 --> 00:52:31.882
It always take you to

1237
00:52:31.882 --> 00:52:35.318
a beautiful places that you know
you can't ever imagine.

1238
00:52:35.318 --> 00:52:38.955
And so curiosity
X for me was very important.

1239
00:52:38.955 --> 00:52:40.624
I always loved the sun.

1240
00:52:40.624 --> 00:52:44.161
I always was very, 
interested about the space.

1241
00:52:44.161 --> 00:52:47.164
But, 
I wasn't sure that I will have

1242
00:52:47.164 --> 00:52:50.000
an opportunity
in working for NASA.

1243
00:52:50.000 --> 00:52:53.870
So my advice is to,
for the young girls and boys,

1244
00:52:53.870 --> 00:52:55.438
if you are determined

1245
00:52:55.438 --> 00:52:58.441
and you are curious,
you can achieve everything.

1246
00:52:58.508 --> 00:52:59.743
I'm a

1247
00:52:59.743 --> 00:53:03.647
a model of, like, a person
that was able to be working

1248
00:53:03.647 --> 00:53:04.614
on the space mission.

1249
00:53:04.614 --> 00:53:10.353
So if I can, I'm sure you can,
you know, make it happen, too.

1250
00:53:10.520 --> 00:53:12.856
And always
wanted to learn for me.

1251
00:53:12.856 --> 00:53:14.791
Like,
when I finished my high school,

1252
00:53:14.791 --> 00:53:15.825
I wanted to

1253
00:53:15.825 --> 00:53:19.829
study electrical engineering
and then get my masters and PhD,

1254
00:53:19.963 --> 00:53:22.699
and it was always
because I wanted to learn more.

1255
00:53:22.699 --> 00:53:26.069
And, 
I think continue to learning.

1256
00:53:26.069 --> 00:53:27.871
It's a
very important key as well.

1257
00:53:30.473 --> 00:53:30.607
Yeah.

1258
00:53:30.607 --> 00:53:32.909
I always love this question
because I always ask people,

1259
00:53:32.909 --> 00:53:34.077
what got you into science,

1260
00:53:34.077 --> 00:53:36.580
what is your story,
how you like the science.

1261
00:53:36.580 --> 00:53:39.282
And, be curious is of course,
extremely important.

1262
00:53:39.282 --> 00:53:41.318
And I remember just

1263
00:53:41.318 --> 00:53:43.486
a few weeks ago,
I was talking to a colleague

1264
00:53:43.486 --> 00:53:44.487
in Europe,

1265
00:53:44.487 --> 00:53:48.525
who grew up in Lebanon,
a while ago, and grew up

1266
00:53:48.525 --> 00:53:51.528
in a very poor area and didn't
have a lot of resources,

1267
00:53:51.528 --> 00:53:55.498
but, a solar eclipse came by, 
and she was living in a house.

1268
00:53:55.498 --> 00:53:56.933
It was a hole in the wall.

1269
00:53:56.933 --> 00:53:58.335
And that eclipse,

1270
00:53:58.335 --> 00:54:01.338
the wall, the
the hole act as a pinhole camera

1271
00:54:01.438 --> 00:54:02.839
and that pinhole camera
projected

1272
00:54:02.839 --> 00:54:04.741
the eclipse
onto the floor of her house.

1273
00:54:04.741 --> 00:54:06.776
And her dad said,
get out a piece of paper

1274
00:54:06.776 --> 00:54:08.912
and draw that solar eclipse.

1275
00:54:08.912 --> 00:54:10.213
And she sat down and she drew.

1276
00:54:10.213 --> 00:54:12.949
And she had it for years,
and it really inspired her,

1277
00:54:12.949 --> 00:54:14.017
to enter science.

1278
00:54:14.017 --> 00:54:14.417
And now she's

1279
00:54:14.417 --> 00:54:17.420
a very well-respected
planetary science in Europe.

1280
00:54:17.454 --> 00:54:18.488
But it's it's an amazing story

1281
00:54:18.488 --> 00:54:20.857
because children have this
inherent curiosity, right?

1282
00:54:20.857 --> 00:54:23.193
That we all are. I'm
jealous of them, right?

1283
00:54:23.193 --> 00:54:25.762
We all get jaded as adults,
and we don't feel

1284
00:54:25.762 --> 00:54:26.696
as happy and curious.

1285
00:54:26.696 --> 00:54:30.367
But the look at the universe
to the eyes of a child, right.

1286
00:54:30.600 --> 00:54:34.070
And this last, this last one
to happen a year and a half ago.

1287
00:54:34.871 --> 00:54:36.139
I think all of us
were very excited

1288
00:54:36.139 --> 00:54:38.375
to see the Aurora down
at reasons we don't see it.

1289
00:54:38.375 --> 00:54:39.142
And I was

1290
00:54:39.142 --> 00:54:40.877
I was actually working up
on my kids school

1291
00:54:40.877 --> 00:54:42.012
and my wife texted me,
says, Larry,

1292
00:54:42.012 --> 00:54:44.614
there's there's Aurora
outside that ran outside.

1293
00:54:44.614 --> 00:54:47.784
And I happened to see the Aurora
above my kids school, Edna's

1294
00:54:47.784 --> 00:54:49.185
Elementary,
this beautiful picture of the

1295
00:54:49.185 --> 00:54:51.855
Red War right above Veterans
Elementary School.

1296
00:54:51.855 --> 00:54:52.155
And I

1297
00:54:52.155 --> 00:54:55.125
sent that off to the teachers
and the principal to school.

1298
00:54:55.125 --> 00:54:56.826
There it is right here.
Yeah, it's right there.

1299
00:54:56.826 --> 00:55:01.097
And, and they took this picture
and they shared it

1300
00:55:01.097 --> 00:55:01.898
with their classroom.

1301
00:55:01.898 --> 00:55:04.901
Every student at that school
saw this picture,

1302
00:55:05.302 --> 00:55:06.770
and they had questions
about the aurora.

1303
00:55:06.770 --> 00:55:09.205
And my wife went and answered
questions about the Aurora.

1304
00:55:09.205 --> 00:55:12.575
And just something
simple like that, a picture

1305
00:55:12.709 --> 00:55:16.046
that makes it relevant to them
inspires curiosity.

1306
00:55:16.179 --> 00:55:18.014
And hopefully we inspired

1307
00:55:18.014 --> 00:55:21.017
a few kids to enter science
to look at the world around you.

1308
00:55:21.484 --> 00:55:22.686
And just simple things
like that.

1309
00:55:22.686 --> 00:55:24.988
Look at the look at the world
as children.

1310
00:55:24.988 --> 00:55:26.656
Look at it, twice a child.

1311
00:55:28.258 --> 00:55:29.359
That is great advice.

1312
00:55:29.359 --> 00:55:32.028
Thank you both so much.

1313
00:55:32.028 --> 00:55:33.330
Oh my pleasure.

1314
00:55:33.330 --> 00:55:35.598
Yeah. And thank you so much.

1315
00:55:35.598 --> 00:55:35.965
Yeah.

1316
00:55:35.965 --> 00:55:36.800
And thank you so much

1317
00:55:36.800 --> 00:55:39.803
for joining us to discuss
this incredibly important topic

1318
00:55:39.803 --> 00:55:42.806
and mission.

1319
00:55:44.274 --> 00:55:44.674
Great.

1320
00:55:44.674 --> 00:55:47.344
And thank you to everyone
watching online.

1321
00:55:47.344 --> 00:55:50.180
To stay updated on the sun,
follow NASA Sun

1322
00:55:50.180 --> 00:55:53.149
Science on Facebook and NASA's
sun on X.

1323
00:55:53.350 --> 00:55:55.085
We'll be sharing
updates on those channels,

1324
00:55:55.085 --> 00:55:58.088
as well as on NASA's
website, about the EZIE mission

1325
00:55:58.088 --> 00:56:01.958
and other missions we have
studying the sun, so stay tuned.

1326
00:56:02.359 --> 00:56:03.993
Thank you and see you next time.